State, Nation and Ethnicity Experience of Third World Countries D L Sheth If third world countries are to cope with internal problems of political and cultural fragmentation, with the forces of modernisation and, externally, with the emerging process of transnationalisation, they will have to find an alternative mode of governance for themselves which is aligned with their own histories and contemporary needs of change. While they cannot wish away either the forces of modernisation or the reality of a world consisting of nation-states, they also need not remain wedded to the text-book model of the nation-state given to them. Several modifications and improvements on this model are possible and indeed necessary. Such modifications are already being undertaken by the old, established nation-states, albeit in the light of their own experience and purposes. The new states can ignore these developments only at their peril.