In the years after the breakup of the Soviet Union, nongovernmental organisations mushroomed in Uzbekistan. But these NGOs were merely instruments in the hands of their sponsors - multilateral organisations and private foundations. The NGOs were essential to the sponsors, who used them as tools to change local practice, orienting it towards more privatisation, democracy and individual rights. But when times changed, the NGOs found themselves adrift. Caught between an authoritarian government (that kept them under surveillance) and foreign sponsors, local organisations found little freedom of movement. They had no social base to fall back on, no civil society that could be mobilised in their defence.